HCC: 80 Years' War

The Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) stands as one of the most transformative conflicts in European history, marking the gradual collapse of Habsburg dominance in the Low Countries and the emergence of the Dutch Republic as a major political and economic power. What began as a regional revolt against Spanish rule evolved into a prolonged struggle that reshaped the political, religious, and economic foundations of early modern Europe. The conflict was deeply rooted in the centralization policies of the Spanish Crown, heavy taxation, and the suppression of Protestant movements within the Netherlands.

Under the rule of Philip II of Spain, the Low Countries faced increasing pressure from Madrid’s attempts to impose absolute authority and Catholic orthodoxy. The Spanish Inquisition and the presence of foreign troops intensified local resentment, uniting nobles, merchants, and urban populations against imperial control. Religious divisions played a central role, as Calvinism became both a spiritual and political rallying point for resistance. Figures such as William of Orange emerged as symbols of opposition, framing the revolt as a struggle for liberties, faith, and self-governance.

As the war progressed, it expanded beyond a simple rebellion into a complex international conflict. England, France, and various German states became involved, turning the Netherlands into a battleground of European power politics. The prolonged warfare transformed military organization, diplomacy, and state finance, while also accelerating the rise of Dutch commercial and naval power. By the time the Peace of Westphalia formally recognized Dutch independence in 1648, the Eighty Years’ War had not only secured the survival of the Dutch Revolt but also contributed decisively to the decline of the universal empire and the rise of the modern sovereign state system.

Under Secretary General: Ataberk Ata

Academic Assistants: Beren Beytemür, Nehir Uludere

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